Broken Windows Theory

Broken Windows Theory is a criminological concept introduced by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling in 1982. It proposes that visible signs of disorder—such as broken windows, litter, graffiti, or other minor instances of neglect—can signal that an area is poorly monitored or uncared for.

• Visible disorder creates an impression that informal social controls are weak.
• This perceived lack of order may increase the likelihood of further disorderly behavior.
• The escalation from minor disorder to more serious crime is described as a potential sequence driven by environmental cues.

Policies influenced by the theory have often emphasized addressing minor infractions, maintaining public spaces, and increasing police presence to manage low-level disorder. These measures were particularly associated with policing strategies in the 1990s.

Research findings on the theory's validity are mixed. Some studies reported correlations between reducing visible disorder and reductions in crime, while others found limited or no causal relationship. Critics also highlight concerns regarding disproportionate enforcement and potential negative social impacts.